What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity has been derived from two words 'bio' meaning life and “diversity”means variability. Simply, we can say that Biodiversity is the variability of lives. One thing you must know that Biodiversity is a very Broad-Spectrum terminology. This variability might be within the specie or among the species in a ecosystem. The ecosystem under study may be small as tiny colony of bacteria or big like the whole planet (earth).
Some Averages:
There are many kinds of organism (at least 10 million) that inhabit the Earth but out of them only the third part have been studied and recorded by biologists. Biodiversity which is found today on Earth is the result of 4 billion years of evolution. From 600 million years ago all life consisted of bacteria and other similar unicellular organism.
The diversity of plants and animals depend on climate, soil, altitude and presence of species in a region.
What are the 3 type of Biodiversity?
The three main types of biodiversity are as following:
Ø Genetic Diversity
Ø Specie Diversity
Ø Ecosystem Diversity
Genetic Diversity:
Genetic diversity means description of closely related members of one specie in the ecosystem. In specie all member have similar genes. It concerns within the DNA sequences. For example every human do not have similar hair color , eye colour and skin colour. Also everyone have different hair texture. As well as every human has its own height, weight etc. We all are the same specie but we all have different hormone levels. This is because genetic variations also differ from man to man. It also means that if one specie dies, the other will not and it will be able to carry the success of its generation. If the specie has low genetic diversity due to inbreeding that is because of small population. The specie more susceptible to disease having high genetic diversity which helps species adapts to change ecosystem.
In plant:
Same species of plant can easily diversify to be able to live in the alternative habitats. As in plants some species can easily survive in water but some species cannot live in water. As some species reproduce in salty water. This change was because of genetic mutation. The change of genetic mutation allows them to move from aquatic into marine ecosystem.
Species diversity:
There are unique collections of species in every ecosystem that interact with each other. In an ecosystem, it is related to number that how many different types of species live there? This means that some ecosystems have more species than another ecosystem. The large number of species can help to recover an ecosystem from thread. In some ecosystem species grow naturally in the community. Some species have grown in large number in the community while some species growth is only evenly in the community. If species go extinct we can recover it by ecological threads.
Some species are grown in richness number and some species growth is evenness.
There are two forms of species regarding population:
1-Specie Richness
2-Specie Evenness
1. Specie Richness:
The large number of species in the environment is known as species richness for example in tropical areas.
2. Species Evenness:
If the number of individual specie is fair in the community so it is known as species evenness.
Ecosystem Diversity:
There are several ecosystems in a region. Every region has its own environment which varies from place to place. As in mountainous area climate is different than desert, forest land, grass land, every place have different environment. Some areas have higher biodiversity. If a region has several ecosystems so, it means that it has more resources to help native species to survive especially when ecosystem is threat by disease.
There are three example of eco diversity.
· Terrestrial Ecosystem
· Marine Ecosystem
· Aquatic Ecosystem
1. Terrestrial Ecosystem:-
This ecosystem is divided farther i six sub groups.
ü Tundra
ü Grassland
ü Taiga
ü Deciduous Forest
ü Rainforest
ü Desert.
2. Marine:-
This ecosystem is divided in further subgroups such as;
ü Ocean floor
ü Coral reef
ü Estuary
ü Saltwater
ü Wetland open
ü Marine mangroves system.
3. Aquatic Ecosystem:
It is also divided further in sub groups;
ü Wetland
ü Ponds
ü Lakes
ü Rivers
Ecosystem Diversity is defined as small or large particular areas which are found in the ecosystem.
What is the Importance of Biodiversity?
OR
Why does biodiversity mean for us?
Biodiversity is very important for all species including human beings. Biodiversity provide us food, oxygen, clean and fresh air, water and medicine form different plants and animals.
How biodiversity maintain balance in ecosystem?
Predator and pre-relationship between different species help to keep the environment stable like when specie is increased in its population it might bring some kind of hazard to environment. If its predator is present it controls and increases the prey population. Every specie has particular role in keeping environment safe and sound.
How biodiversity is useful in medicine?
Biodiversity provide different kinds of building material like paints, resins, and medicines like penicillin obtain by all fungus which is an antibiotic and used in different kind of disease as the first line of treatment.
How biodiversity is used in our daily lives?
We obtain different kind of oils from plants like olive oil, sunflower coconut etc which are used in daily life.
How biodiversity maintains its balance in the environment?
Biodiversity maintain environment and its chemistry like oxygen and carbon dioxide which plays an important role in the life, it also plays an imperative role in recycling of different kind of nutrients in the environment as some kind of nutrients are extension to life like macronutrients and some nutrients play a little role in the maintaining life in the ecosystem and are require in very small quantities like micronutrients.
Threats to Biodiversity:-
There are five main threats to the biodiversity:-
· Deforestation
· Desertification
· Massive Environment
· Increasing wildlife Trade
· Climate Change.
·
1. Deforestation:
Forest ecosystem contains 80 percent of world’s terrestrial biodiversity and provides wood fiber and biomass energy and other important components are energy and nutrients. In many parts of world are being cleared and degraded.
It is suggested that in the next 50 years the demand of wood will be double. The degradation of forest represents a potential source of green house gas emissions.
The amount of carbon which is present in atmosphere which is three times present in the forest ecosystem. The one third of the carbon is stored in the trees and vegetation and two-third is stored in soil.
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When we burn forest and clean it, so carbon is released in the environment. According to the estimation, the one fourth of carbon emission in ecosystem results from tropical deforestation by human beings.
2. Desertification:
The main causes of biodiversity loss are deforestation and desertification. Both processes are influenced by agriculture. The reflected loss of plants and animals species is the direct cost of deforestation. Land management which can be aggravated is result of poor climatic variations. Over twenty five years wild lands to agriculture often involves ploughing in soils which temperature regions to average soil organic matter between 25 and 40 percent.
Clear indication of soil degradation is decreasing soil organic matter. Sometimes it is caused by reduction in water infiltration, fertility, and ability to retain fertilizers.
3. Marine Environment:
The vital role of oceans is in the global environment which is covering 70 percent of earth surface. Food production global climate and economic activities are influence by it. Marine environment is rapidly degraded in many parts of global.
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Human activities are concentrated pollution, Over-exploitation of resources, development of habitats such as mangroves, wetlands, water-flow which is from poor land-use particles have led to near store fisheries production and aquatic biodiversity.
4. Increasing wildlife Trade:
As indicated by Nick Barnes, "Exchange is another reason for biodiversity exhaustion that brings about struggle among North and South." Global exchange natural life is assessed to be more than US $ 20 billion yearly. Worldwide exchange incorporates at any rate 40,000 primates, ivory from at any rate 90,000 African elephants, 1 million orchids, 4 million live birds, 10 million reptile skins, 15 million hides and more than 350 million exotic fish.
5. Climate Change:
Environment warms, species will relocate towards higher scopes and heights in both half of the globe. The increment in the measure of CO2 noticeable all around influences the physiological working of plant and species piece. Additionally, oceanic biological systems, especially coral reefs, mangrove swamps, and waterfront wetlands, are helpless against changes in environment.
On a basic level, coral reefs, the most naturally assorted marine frameworks, are possibly defenseless against changes in both ocean level and sea temperature. While most coral frameworks ought to have the option to develop at an adequate speed to endure a 15 to 95 centimeter ocean level ascent over the course of the following century, a supported increment of a few degrees centigrade would undermine the drawn out practicality of a significant number of these frameworks.
Bottom Line:-
-Biodiversity is necessary to improve sustainability and cope with climate change.
-Plants production may decline as regional.
-Biodiversity plays a very important role in maintenance of environment.
-The maintenance of different species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscape.
-If biodiversity lost in future then survival of human threatened.
REFERENCES:-
1. http://www.pakistanwetlands.org/
2. http://hwf.org.pk
3. www.biodiversity.iucnp.org/
4. edu.iucnp.org/
5. www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/WildlifeBiodiversityofPakistan/
6. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan
Forest ecosystem contains 80 percent of world’s terrestrial biodiversity and provides wood fiber and biomass energy and other important components are energy and nutrients. In many parts of world are being cleared and degraded.
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